Climate change Mitigation
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Climate change adaptation
Finance & Support
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Planning Process
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Copyright © 2018 Deutsches Institut fur Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn. Last revised February 27, 2018.
What is the NDC Explorer?
The NDC Explorer is an online tool to analyse and compare countries' (Intended) Nationally Determined
Contributions (INDCs/NDCs). It is based solely on information in these documents. Get more information
on the project and its relevant publications or watch the
introduction video!
What are the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)?
In 2013, the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) decided that
every member state would submit an 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution' (INDC). Countries based
their INDCs on their specific national priorities, circumstances, and capabilities. The INDCs proved to
be a cornerstone to reach the Paris Agreement. Every party that ratifies the Paris Agreement is invited
to turn its INDC into a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (see decision
1/CP.21, §22).
First and foremost, (I)NDCs intend to increase the ambition to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions,
by outlining countries ‘contributions’. However, most countries also use the opportunity to write about
other priorities and ambitions, such as adaptation and finance needs. Countries also used their (I)NDC
to highlight other important issues, such as fossil fuel subsidy reform or linkages to Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).
Aim of the NDC Explorer
The NDC Explorer has two aims. First, it provides a neutral, sophisticated and user-friendly lens to
analyse and compare both qualitative and quantitative (I)NDC content.
Second, the NDC Explorer stimulates the debate on content, scope as well as formulation and
implementation processes of the national climate action plans. In doing so, it supports policy makers in
formulating improved and more ambitious (I)NDCs in 2020 and thereafter (see
1/CP.21, §23).
Subcategories, legends and analysis
According to
Mbeva and Pauw, 2016,
the UNFCCC guidance for INDC formulation (see decision
1/CP.20, § 10-17)
was very limited and undear. (I)NDCs thus vary greatly in terms of structure, content, scope, level of
detail, and metrics used. As a result, it was sometimes difficult to fit 168 very diverse (I)NDCs under
one subcategory with exclusive legend items (countries can only fall under one legend item). Wherever
possible, we added legend items for (I)NDCs who provided more details.
For example, we demarcate mitigation as 'focus areas' when (I)NDCs 1) explicitly highlights and/or
prioritises this sector; 2) and/or underlines the sector’s mitigation potential among other sectors;
3) and/or prioritises investments in this sector. Furthermore, we therefore added country-specific
information in many subcategories.
The tool also allows for comparison across subcategories. There are 7 subcategories on mitigation
sectors which have exactly the same legend; and under adaptation we illustrate the 5 most frequently
mentioned climate risks, vulnerabilities, and priority sectors across INDCs.
Thorough and strict analysis
The team aimed to be as factual as possible and to avoid interpretations of (I)NDCs. This meant we
sometimes had to exclude countries from certain legend items if they did not refer to certain concepts
explicitly (such as REDD+ or SDGs and their expansions), but only described related issues or plans
instead. The same accounts for sectors (e.g. derivatives of ‘agriculture’ or ‘transport’). In other
cases, we identified information in particular sections, such as ‘planning process’ or ‘fairness and
ambition’. We focused on the (I)NDC contributions until 2030.
The NDC Explorer is solely based on information communicated by Parties to the UNFCCC in their INDCs/NDCs.
The dataset was jointly established by the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für
Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment
Institute (SEI) and the UNFCCC secretariat. DIE is the sole entity responsible for the content and
functionality of the NDC Explorer.
Country groups
The regional and income-level country groups are based on the
World Bank Country Groups.
Additional groups are available for the
bar graph menu only, because the groups (e.g. the G20 and the OECD, or SIDS and LDCs are not mutually
exclusive.
Suggestions for improvement
The project team did a careful data analysis, but cannot guarantee that there are no mistakes made. In
case you come across any inconsistencies, please contact
Pieter Pauw.
Developed by
The project and research was led by Pieter Pauw (DIE) and supported by Davide Cassanmagnano (independent
consultant), Kennedy Mbeva (ACTS), Jonas Hein, Alejandro Guarin, Clara Brandi (all DIE), Adis Dzebo,
Kevin Adams, Aaron Atteridge, Nella Canales (all SEI), Thomas Bock, Joana Helms, Alina Zalewski, Ezra
Frommé, Anika Lindener and Dilsham Muhammad (all DIE) as well as colleagues from the UNFCCC secretariat.
Sönke Kreft and Eike Behre of the Munich Climate Insurance Initiative (MCII) contributed the subcategory "Climate risk insurance" in October 2017.
The NDC Explorer is a contribution to the NDC Partnership and was financed by the
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
(BMZ) and additional financial contributions by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
(SIDA) and the Swedish Research Council Formas.
Reference / License: the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE)
holds the copyright to the NDC Explorer and the database that it is based on. It is licensed under
Creative Commons and you are free to copy and redistribute material derived from the NDC Explorer by
following the guideline of the Creative Commons License.
CC BY - ND
(full attribution, no derivatives).
Suggested citation
Pauw, W.P, Cassanmagnano, D., Mbeva, K., Hein, J., Guarin, A., Brandi, C., Dzebo, A., Canales, N.,
Adams, K.M., Atteridge, A., Bock, T., Helms, J., Zalewski, A., Frommé. E., Lindener, A., Muhammad, D.
(2016). NDC Explorer. German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE),
African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). DOI:
10.23661/ndc_explorer_2017_2.0
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